Variance Analysis in Statistical Research (ANOVA)

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Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method used to analyze the differences among group means in a sample. It is a technique that assesses whether the means of two or more groups are statistically different from each other. ANOVA tests the null hypothesis that all group means are equal, indicating that there is no significant difference between groups. If the test rejects the null hypothesis, it suggests that at least one group is different from the others.

Here’s a comprehensive guide to ANOVA:

I. Types of ANOVA:

1. One-Way ANOVA:

• Compares means across two or more independent groups or levels of a single categorical variable.
• Determine if there are significant differences in the means of the groups.

2. Two-Way ANOVA:

• Examines the influence of two different categorical independent variables on a dependent variable.
• Involves two independent variables, each with multiple levels or groups.
• Commonly represented as a grid where one factor’s levels are represented along one axis, and the other factor’s levels along the other.

3. Repeated Measures ANOVA: